IELTS Reading, Choose the Section - C 18
IELTS Reading, Choose the Section - C 18
How to do do Choose the Section
1. Read the title of the text and the directions carefully to note
(i) the number of sections (e.g., A - G), and the number of paragraph each section contains.
(ii) number of questions to be answered,
(iii) if there is any 'N.B, and what does it demands)
2. Read the questions and underline the key words(kw)
3. Read each section (including the paragraphs, if any) starting from section A
4. Go back to each question to see if the section A contains the synonyms, synonymous language, or paraphrase of the kw underlined in any of the questions.
5. That question number is your answer. NOTE: (i) Some sections will have to be omitted because they will not contain the information mentioned in the question, and (ii) some sections may contain more than one answer, as the NB says.
6. Delete the answer of the question/s before going to the next section.
7. Repeat the cycle.
Test 1
Reading Passage 2.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below:
Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA.
A. A Tree's 'value' depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, quality, function, and accessibility, and depends on the management goals for a given forest. The same tree can be valued very differently by each person who looks at it. A large straight black cherry tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made furniture, but for a land owner more interested in wildlife habitat the real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals. Likewise, if the tree suffers from black knot disease, its value for timber decreases, but to a wood worker interested in making bowls, it brings an opportunity for a unique and beautiful piece of art.
B. In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber, The norm was to remove the stems of the highest quality and leave behind poorly formed trees that were not as well suited to the site where they grew. This practice, called 'high-grading' has left a legacy of 'low-use-wood' in the forests. Some people even called them 'junk trees', and they were abundant in Pennsylvania. These trees have lower economic value for traditional timber markets, compete for growth with higher-value trees, shade out desirable regeneration and decrease the health of stand leaving it more vulnerable to poor weather and disease. Management that specifically targets low-use wood can help landowners manage these forest health issues, and wood markets help promote this.
C. Wood energy markets can accept less expensive wood material of lower quality than would be suitable for traditional timber markets. Most used for energy in Pennsylvania is used to produce heat electricity through combustion. Many schools and hospitals use wood boiler systems to heat and power their facilities, many homes are primarily heated with wood, and some coal plants incorporate wood into their coal streams to produce electricity. Wood can also be gasified for electrical generation and can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars. All these products are made primarily from low-use wood. Several tree- and plant-cutting approaches, which could greatly improve the long-term quality of a forest, focus strongly or solely on the use of wood for those markets.
D. One such approach is called a Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) Cut. In a TSI Cut, really poor-quality tree and plant material is cut down and allow more space, light, and other resources to the highest-value stems that remain. Removing the invasive plant might be another primary goal of a TSI Cut. The stems that are left behind might grow in size and develop more foliage and larger crowns or tops that produce more coverage for wild life; they have better chance to regenerate in a less crowded environment. TSI Cuts can be tailored to one farmer's specific management goals for his or her land.
E. Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use is Salvage Cut. With the many pests and pathogens visiting the forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian long horned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name a few, it is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures. These types of cuts reduce the number of sick trees and seek manage the future spread of a pest problem. They leave vigorous trees that have stayed healthy enough to survive the outbreak.
F. A Shelterwood Cut, which only takes place in a mature forest that has already been thinned several times, involves removing all mature trees when other seedlings have become established. This then allows the forest to decide which tree species are regenerated. It leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth. It can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more.
G. Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood. However, it is important to remember that some retention of what many would classify as low-use wood is very important. The tops of the trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil. In addition, trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insects predators like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals. They help control problem insects and increase the health and resilience of the forest. It is also important to remember that not all small trees are low-use. For example, many species like hawthorn provide food for wildlife. Finally, rare species of trees in a forest should stay as they add to its structural diversity.
Question 14 -18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A - G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14 -18 in your answer sheet.
NB. You may use any letter more than once.
14. bad outcome for a forest when people focus only on its financial rewards.
15. reference to the aspects of any tree that contributes to its worth.
16. mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles.
17.examples of insects that attack trees
18. an alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood
Answers:
Step 1: Identify the key words in the questions. 14 - 18.
14. bad outcome for a forest when people focus only on its financial rewards.
15. reference to the aspects of any tree that contributes to its worth.
16. mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles.
17. examples of insects that attack trees.
18. an alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood.
Step 2: Go to Section A. Read it carefully and and compare it against the kw of A - F.
A. A Tree's 'value' depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, quality, function, and accessibility, and depends on the management goals for a given forest. The same tree can be valued very differently by each person who looks at it. A large straight black cherry tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made furniture, but for a land owner more interested in wildlife habitat the real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals. Likewise, if the tree suffers from black knot disease, its value for timber decreases, but to a wood worker interested in making bowls, it brings an opportunity for a unique and beautiful piece of art.
Explanation:
15. reference to the aspects of any tree = (i) A.... tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made furniture, (ii) the real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals. (iii) brings an opportunity for a unique and beautiful piece of art. (T)
the aspects of any tree that contributes to its worth =. The same tree can be valued very differently by each person who looks at it (T)
Therefore, Section A contains the information given in Qtn no. 15.
(Delete Qtn. No. 15)
Go to Section B; read it carefully with the kw in mind.
___________________________________________________
Read the Text B Carefully:
B. In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber, The norm was to remove the stems of the highest quality and leave behind poorly formed trees that were not as well suited to the site where they grew. This practice, called 'high-grading' has left a legacy of 'low-use-wood' in the forests. Some people even called them 'junk trees', and they were abundant in Pennsylvania. These trees have lower economic value for traditional timber markets, compete for growth with higher-value trees, shade out desirable regeneration and decrease the health of stand leaving it more vulnerable to poor weather and disease. Management that specifically targets low-use wood can help landowners manage these forest health issues, and wood markets help promote this.
Step 1: Identify the key words in the questions. 14 - 18. (Except 15)
Step 2: Go to Section B. Read it carefully and and compare it against the kw of 14 -18 (except 15)
Explanation:
i. " bad outcome for a forest...." (Qtn) = This practice, ... has left a legacy of 'low-use-wood' in the forests. -Text- (legacy = long lasting impact of particular event)
Answer: Therefore, Section B contains the information given in Qtn no. 14.
Delete Qtn No. 14:
18. an alternative name = Some people even called (T)
trees that produce low-use wood. = them (= low-use wood)
Answer: Therefore, Section B contains the information given in Qtn no. 18.
Delete Qtn. 18
Answer: Therefore, Section C contains the information given in Qtn no. 16.
Delete Qtn. 18
Go to Section D
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Explanation: There is no reference to the keywords of the question, 17
Go the paragraph E
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Step 1: Read the paragraph E
E. Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use is Salvage Cut. With the many pests and pathogens visiting the forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian long horned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name a few, it is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures. These types of cuts reduce the number of sick trees and seek manage the future spread of a pest problem. They leave vigorous trees that have stayed healthy enough to survive the outbreak.
17. examples of insects that attack trees. = " hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian long horned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth...."
Answer: Therefore, Section E contains the information given in Qtn no. 17.
14. (B) bad outcome for a forest when people focus only on its financial rewards.-
15. (A) reference to the aspects of any tree that contributes to its worth.
16. (C) mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles.
17. (E) examples of insects that attack trees.
18. (B) an alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood.
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