IELTS Reading LOH C 18 Solved Paper
Cambridge 18, Test 3
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 66 and 67.
Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below:
Write the correct numbers, i-viii, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet,
List of Headings
i. A period in cold conditions before the technology is assessed
ii. Marketing issues lead to failure
iii. Good and bad aspects of steam technology are passed on
iv. A possible solution to the issue of today
v. Further improvements lead to commercial order
vi. Positive technology at last for this quiet, clean fast vehicle
vii. A disappointing outcome for customers
viii. A better option that the steam car arises
14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
18. Paragraph E
19. Paragraph F
List of Heading (LOH)
Step 1. Read the title and Directions
Step 2. i) Check how many choices are in the box ii) how many paragraphs are there and iii) how many choices you need to leave.
Step 3. Go to the Box and underline the keywords of each choice i to ix.
Step 4. Read Paragraph A with the keyword in mind. (The answer will be in the synonym/paraphrase of the keywords. Mind you, usually the keywords are in the wrong answers.)
Step 5. Re-check and eliminate the other choices. Once you got the right answer, enter it in your book and delete that choice.
Step 6. Read the remaining keywords and repeat the cycle.
Step 1. Read the title : The Steam Car
The success and failures of the Doble brothers and their steam cars
Step 2.
i) Check how many choices are in the box = 8
ii) how many paragraphs are there = 7
iii) how many choices you need to leave: 1
Step 3. Go to the Box and underline the keywords of each choice i to ix.
List of Headings
i. A period in cold conditions before the technology is assessed
ii. Marketing issues lead to failure
iii. Good and bad aspects of steam technology are passed on
iv. A possible solution to the issue of today
v. Further improvements lead to commercial order
vi. Positive technology at last for this quiet, clean fast vehicle
vii. A disappointing outcome for customers
viii. A better option than the steam car arises
Step 4. Read Paragraph A with the keyword in mind.
ii. Verify each answer choice against the text
iii. The answer will be in the synonym/paraphrase of the keywords. (Mind you, usually, the keywords are in the wrong answers.)
A. When the primitive automobiles first began to appear in the 1800s, their engines were based on steam power. Steam had already enjoyed a long and successful career in the railways, so it was only natural that the technology evolved into a miniaturized version which was separate from the trains. But these early cars inherited steam's weakness along with its strengths. The boilers had to be lit by hand, and they required about twenty minutes to build up pressure before they could be driven. Furthermore, their water reservoirs only lasted for about thirty miles before needing replenishment. Despite such shortcomings, these newly designed self-propelled carriages offered quick transportation, and by the early 1900s it was not uncommon to see such machines shuttling wealthy citizens around town.
i. Period of cold condition, & technology is assessed - NG
ii. Marketing issues & lead to failure - NG
iii. Good and bad aspects of steam technology = weakness along with its strengths. (synonyms) T
passed on (phrasal verb) = inherited (T)
Therefore, Qtn 14: (iii) is the right answer.
(Delete the answer choice iii)
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Qtn. 15
Read Paragraph B carefully with the key words (except iii) in mind
B. But the glory days of steam cars were few. A new technology called Internal Combustion Engine soon appeared, which offered the ability to drive down the road just moments after starting up. At first, these noisy gasoline cars were unpopular because they were more complicated to operate and they had difficult hand-crank starters, which were known to break arms when the engines backfired. But in 1912 General Motors introduced the electric starter, and over the following few years steam power was gradually phased out.
Verify each of the answer choices i - viii ( minus iii, which was deleted)
iv. A possible solution to the issue of today
v. Further improvements lead to commercial order
vi. Positive technology at last for this quiet, clean fast vehicle
The key words NG
vi. Positive technology at last for this quiet, clean fast vehicle
The key words NG
vii. A disappointing outcome for customers
The key words NG
viii. A better option than the steam car arises
than the steam cars = they were more complicated to operate and they had difficult hand-crank starters, which were known to break arms when the engines backfired. (T)
Therefore, Qtn 15: (viii) is the right answer.
(Delete the answer choice viii)
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Qtn. 16. Read Paragraph C with the key words (except iii & viii) in mind:
C. Even as the market was was declining, four brothers made one effort to rekindle the technology. Between 1906 and 1909, while still attending high school, Albert Doble and his three brothers built their first steam car in their parents' basement. It comprised parts taken from a wrecked early steam car but reconfigured to drive an engine of their own design. Though it did not run well, the Doble brothers went on to build the second third prototype in the following years. Though the Doble boys' third prototype, nicknamed Model B, still lacked convenience of of an internal combustion engine, it drew the attention of automobile trade magazines due to its numerous improvements over previous steam cars. The Model B proved to be superior to gasoline automobiles in many ways. Its high-pressure steam drove engine pistons in virtual silence, in contrast to clattering gas engines which emitted the aroma of burned hydrocarbons. Perhaps most impressively, the Model B was amazingly swift. It could accelerate from zero to sixty miles per hour in just fifteen seconds, a feat described as 'remarkable acceleration' by Automobile magazine in 1914.
v. Further improvements lead to commercial order
vi. Positive technology at last for this quiet, clean fast vehicle
= Its high-pressure steam drove engine pistons in virtual silence, in contrast to clattering gas engines which emitted the aroma of burned hydrocarbons. Perhaps most impressively, the Model B was amazingly swift. It could accelerate from zero to sixty miles per hour in just fifteen seconds,,,,," (T, Paraphrase )
Its = Model B's
quiet = virtual silence
clean = gas engines which emitted aroma of burned hydrocarbon
fast = amazingly swift
Therefore, Answer choice (vi) is right
Elimination:
vii. A disappointing outcome for customers
The key words NG
Answer choice vi Confirmed.
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Qtn No. 17. Read Paragraph D carefully with the key words (except iii, viii & iv) in mind.
D. The following year Abner Doble drove the Model B from Massachusetts to Detroit in order to seek investment in his automobile design, which he used to open the General Engineering Company. He and his brothers immediately began working on the Model C, which was intended to expand upon the innovations of Model B. The brothers added features such as a key-based ignition in the cabin, eliminating the need for the operator to manually ignite the boiler. With these enhancements, the Dobles' new car company promised a steam vehicle which would provide all of the convenience of a gasoline car, but with much greater speed, much simpler driving controls, and a virtually silent powerplant. By the following April, the General Engineering Company had received 5,390 deposits for Doble Detroits, which were scheduled for delivery in early 1918.
v. Further improvements lead to commercial order
Further developments = With these enhancements, the Dobles' new car company promised a steam vehicle which would provide all of the convenience of a gasoline car, but with much greater speed, much simpler driving controls, and a virtually silent powerplant.
(T, paraphrase)
lead to commercial order = By the following April, the General Engineering Company had received 5,390 deposits for Doble Detroits, which were scheduled for delivery in early 1918.
(T, paraphrase)
Therefore, Qtn 17: (v) is the right answer.
(Delete the answer choice v)
Elimination
The key words NG
vii. A disappointing outcome for customers
The key words NG
Qtn No. 18.
Read Paragraph E carefully with the key words (except iii, viii, iv & v) in mind.
E. Later that year Abner Doble delivered unhappy news to the eagerly awaiting the delivery of their modern new cars. Those buyers who received the handful of completed cars complained that the vehicles were sluggish and erratic, sometimes going in reverse when they should go forward. The new engine design, though innovative, was still plagued with serious glitches.
i. A period in cold conditions before the technology is assessed
ii. Marketing issues lead to failure
vi. Positive technology at last for this quiet, clean fast vehicle
vii. A disappointing outcome for customers
A disappointing outcome = the vehicles were sluggish and erratic, sometimes going in reverse when they should go forward. The new engine design, though innovative, was still plagued with serious glitches. (T, paraphrase)
for customers = Those buyers (T, Synonyms)
Qtn No. 19.
Read Paragraph F carefully with the key words (except iii, viii, iv, v & vii) in mind.
F. The brothers made one final attempt to produce a viable steam automobile. In early 1924, Doble brothers shipped a Model E to New York City to be road-tested by the Automobile Club of America. After sitting overnight in freezing temperatures, the car was pushed out into the road and left left to sit for over an hour in the frosty morning air. At the turn of the key, the boiler lit and reached its operating pressure inside of forty seconds. As they drove the test vehicle further, they found that its evenly distributed weight lent it surprisingly good handling, even though it was it was so heavy. As the new Doble steamer was further developed and tested, its maximum speed was pushed over a hundred miles per hour, and it achieved about fifteen miles per gallon of kerosine with negligible emission.
i. A period in cold conditions before the technology is assessed
A period in cold conditions = (a) After sitting overnight in freezing temperatures (b) in the frosty morning air. (T)
before the technology is assessed = the car was pushed out into the road (T)
iv. A possible solution to the issue of today
The answer choice (i) confirmed.
Read Paragraph G carefully with the key words (except iii, viii, iv, v, vii & i) in mind.
G. Sadly, the Dobles' brilliant steam car never was a financial success. Priced at around $18,000 in 1924, it was popular only among the very wealthy. Plus, it is said that no two Model Es were quite the same, because Abner Doble tinkered endlessly with the design. By the time the company folded in 1931, fewer than fifty of the amazing Model E steam cars had been produced. For his whole career, until his death in 1961, Abner Doble remained adamant that steam-powered automobiles were at least equal to gasoline cars, if not superior. Given the evidence, he may have been right. Many of the Model E Dobles which have survived are still in good working condition, some having been driven over half a million miles with only normal maintenance. Astonishing, an unmodified Doble Model E runs clean enough to pass the emission laws in California today, and they are pretty strict. It is true that the technology poses difficult problems, but you can not help but wonder how efficient a stem car might be with the benefit of modern materials and computers. Under the current pressure to improve automotive performance and reduce emissions, it is not unthinkable that the steam car may rise again.
14. Paragraph A - iii
15. Paragraph B - viii
18. Paragraph E - vii
19. Paragraph F - i
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