OET Reading Part C 1- Sleep Deprivation

 OET Reading Part C 1

 Sleep Deprivation

How to do Part C

Step 1: Identify the keyword (kw) of the question

Step 2: Go to the Text and locate the kw and read that sentence of  the paragraph and understand it.

Step 3. Return to the Answer Choices (ac) and underline the keywords of ac in A,B,C,D.

Step 4. Check each ac against the text.

Step 5: Elimination to confirm the answer.

Question 7: In the first paragraph, the writer uses Eve Van Cauter's words to:

Step 1: Identify the keyword (kw) of the question:

kw: Eve Van Cauter

Step 2: Go to the Text and locate the kw and read that sentence of  the paragraph and understand it.

Paragraph 1. Millions of people who sleep problems also suffer myriad health burdens. In addition to emotional distress and cognitive impairment, these can include high blood pressure, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. "In studies we have done, almost every variable we measured was affected. There's not a system in the body that's not affected by sleep' , says University of Chicago sleep researcher Eve Van Cauter. 'Every time we sleep-deprive ourselves, things go wrong'.     

Step 3. Return to the Answer Choices (ac) and underline the keywords of ac in A,B,C,D.

Question 7: In the first paragraph, the writer uses Eve Van Cauter's words to:

-A. explain causes of sleep deprivation. 

B. reinforce a view about the impact of sleep deprivation

C. question some research findings about sleep                      deprivation

D. describe the challenges involved in sleep deprivation

Step 4. Check each ac against the text.

i)  A. explain causes of sleep deprivation. 

 "... causes.." not mentioned in the text -   ac A Wrong.

ii) B. reinforce a view about the impact of sleep deprivation

* ac: " reinforce the view.."  = i) First, the Text says, 'all                                                              systems are affected'.

                                               [not a system not affected]

                                               ii) The second sentence says

                            "Every time we sleep-deprive ourselves,

                             things go wrong'. Thus the first view is                                   "reinforced"

* impact   (ac)  = affect (T)

Therefore, ac B is right.

Step 5 Elimination:

C. question some research findings about sleep                      deprivation

Explanation: Nothing is questioned   

D. describe the challenges involved in sleep deprivation

Explanation: No reference

A, C, D Eliminated. B is the right answer

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Question 8. What do we learn about sleep in the second paragraph?

Method of Doing:

Step 1: Identify the keyword (kw) of the question.

            sleep  

                 

Step 2: Go to the second paragraph and locate the kw and read that sentence of  the paragraph and understand it.

Text:  Para 2. A common refrain among sleep scientists about two decades ago was that sleep was performed by the brain in the interest of the brain. That wasn't a fully elaborated theory, but it wasn't wrong. Numerous recent recent studies have hinted at the purpose of sleep by confirming that neurological function and cognition are messed up during sleep loss, with the patient's reaction time mood, and judgement  all suffering if they are kept awake too long. 

Step 3. Return to the Answer Choices (ac) and underline the keywords of ac in A,B,C,D.

A. Scientific opinion about its function has changed in the recent years.

B. There is now more controversy about it than there was in the past

C. Researchers have tended to confirm earlier ideas about its purpose

D. Studies undertaken in the past have formed the basis of current research 

Step 4. Check each ac with the text:

There is nothing in the opening sentence that tally with the kws,

i) go to the next sentence (2) in the text , read and understand it.

Text: "That wasn't a fully elaborated theory, but it wasn't wrong"

Compare ac C:

C. Researchers have tended to confirm earlier ideas about its purpose

Explanation:

* "earlier ideas" in ac = "....sleep was performed by the                                                  brain in the interest of the brain"

"... confirm.." in ac = " but it wasn't wrong"

Therefore, C is the right answer.

Step 5: Elimination

A. Scientific opinion about its function has changed in            the recent years.

    Explanation: No reference to 'Function change' (T)

B. There is now more controversy about it than there was       in the past

     Explanation: No reference to ' controversy'

D. describe the challenges involved in sleep deprivation

    Explanation: No reference to 'Challenges'

A,B, D eliminated. C is the right answer

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Question 9. What particularly impressed Bob Mc Carley of Harvard Medical School?

Method of Doing:

Step 1: Identify the keyword (kw) of the question.

            Bob Carley  

Step 2: Go to the third paragraph and locate the kw and read that sentence of  the paragraph and understand it.

Paragraph 3: In 1997, Bob McCarley and colleagues at Harvard Medical School found that   

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C2  Text 2: ADHD 

How to do Part C

Step 1: Identify the keyword (kw) of the question

Step 2: Go to the Text and locate the kw and read that sentence of  the paragraph and understand it.

Step 3. Return to the Answer Choices (ac) and underline the keywords of ac in A,B,C,D.

Step 4. Check each ac against the text.

Step 5: Elimination to confirm the answer.

Question 15

In the first paragraph, the writer questions whether:

Step 1: Identify the keyword (kw) of the question.

There is no kw, except the first paragraph.

Step 2: Go to the Text and locate the kw and read that sentence of  the paragraph and understand it.

Text:

1. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) recognised Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as a childhood disorder in 1960s, but it wasn't until 1978 that the condition was formally recognised as afflicting adults. In the recent years, the USA has seen a 40% rise in diagnosis of ADHD in children. It could be that the disorder is becoming more prevalent, or, as seems more plausible, doctors are making the diagnosis more frequently. The issue is complicated  by the lack of any recognised neurological markers for ADHD. The APA relies instead on a set of behavioral patterns for diagnosis. It specifies that the patients under 17 must display at least six symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity; adults need only display five.  

Step 3. Return to the Answer Choices (ac) and underline the keywords of ac in A,B,C,D.

Question 15: In the first paragraph, the writer questions whether

A. Adult ADHD should have been recognised as a                    disorder   at early stage

B. ADHD should be diagnosed in the same way for                  children and adults.

C. ADHD can actually be indicated by neurological                  markers.

D. Cases of ADHD have increased in the USA 

Step 4. Check each ac against the text.

A. Adult ADHD should have been recognised as a                    disorder   at early stage     No reference- Wrong

B. ADHD should be diagnosed in the same way for                  children and adults.

   Explanation:  The Text says: "....the patients under 17    must display at least six symptoms of inattention and/or    hyperactivity; adults need only display five."

  ac B does not agree; so B is not right  X

C. ADHD can actually be indicated by neurological                  markers.

    Explanation: The Text says: lack of any recognised            neurological markers for ADHD.

    ac C - wrong X

Question 16. What does Dr Saul object to?

Step 1: Identify the keyword (kw) of the question.

i) Dr Saul and  ii) object

Step 2: Go to the Text and locate the kw and read that sentence of  the paragraph and understand it.

A. the suggestion that people need stimulus to cope with      everyday life

B. the implication that everyone has some symptoms of         ADHD

C. the grouping of imprecise symptoms into mental                 disorder

D. the treatment for ADHD suggested by Dr Barley

Paragraph 2. ADHD can be a controversial condition. Dr Russel Barley, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts insists; 'the science is overwhelming: it's a real disorder, which can be managed, in many causes, using stimulant medication in combination with other treatments. Dr Richard Saul, a behavioral neurologist with five decades of experience, disagrees; 'Many of us have difficulty with organisations and details, a tendency to lose things, or to be forgetful or distracted. Under such subjective criteria, the entire population could potentially qualify. Although some patients might  need stimulants to function well in life, the lumping together of many vague and subjective symptoms could be causing a national phenomenon of misdiagnosis and over-prescription of stimulants. 

Step 4. Check each ac against the text.

A. the suggestion that people need stimulus to cope               with everyday life.

     ac A wrong: Explanation: What Dr Saul disagrees with      Dr Barley is        ADHD can be managed "using                    stimulant medication in        combination with other            treatments". 

Question 17. The writer regards the study of children in foster care as significant because it

A. highlights the difficulty of    distinguishing ADHD from other conditions

B. focuses on children known to have complex mental disorders

C. suggests a link between ADHD and a child's upbringing

D. draws attention to the poor care given to such children.

Paragraph 3. A recent study found children in foster care three times more likely than others to be diagnosed with ADHD. Researchers found that children with ADHD in foster care were more likely to have another disorder, such as depression or anxiety. This finding certainly reveals the need for medical and behavioral services for these children, but it could also prove the non-specific nature of the symptoms of the symptoms of ADHD: anxiety and depression, or an altered state, can easily be mistaken for manifestation of AHDH. 

  

Question 18. In the fourth paragraph, the word 'They' refers to

A. syndromes

B. questions

C. studies

D. origins.

Question 19. Dr Faraone suggests that the group of patients diagnosed with adult-onset ADHD

A. had teachers and parents who recognised the symptoms of ADHD

B. should have consulted a doctor at a younger age.

C. had mild undiagnosed ADHD in childhood

D. were specially chosen by the researchers. 

Paragraph 4. ADHD, the thinking goes, begins in childhood. In fact, in order to be diagnosed with it an adult,  a patient must demonstrate that they had traits of the condition in childhood. However, studies from the UK and Brazil, published in JAMA Psychiatry, are fuelling questions about the origins and trajectory of ADHD, suggesting not only that it can begin in adulthood, but that there may be two distinct symptoms: adult-onset ADHD and childhood ADHD. They, echo earlier research from New Zealand. However, an editorial by Dr Stephen Faraone in JAMA Psychiatry highlights potential flaws in the findings. Among them, underestimating the persistence of ADHD into adulthood and overestimating the prevalence of adult-onset ADHD. In Dr Faraone's words, " the researchers found a group of people who had sub-threshold ADHD in their youth. There may have been signs that things weren't right, but not enough to go to a doctor". Perhaps, these were smart kids with particularly supportive parents or teachers who helped them cope with attention problems. Such intellectual and social scaffolding would help in early life, but when the scaffolding is removed, full ADHD could develop.

Question 20.  In the fifth paragraph, it is suggested that that drug companies have:

A. been overly aggressive in marketing of ADHD medications.

B. influenced research that led to the re-working of ADHD diagnostic criteria.

C. attempted to change the rules about incentives for doctors who diagnosed ADHD

D. encouraged the APA to rush through changes to the criteria for diagnosing ADHD.

Paragraph 5. Until this century, adult ADHD was a seldom-diagnosed disorder. Nowadays, however, it's common in mainstream medicine in the USA, a paradigm shift apparently driven by two factors: reworked - many say less stringent - diagnostic criteria introduced by the APA in 2013, and marketing by manufacturers of ADHD medications. Some have suggested that this new, broader definition of ADHD was fuelled, at least in part, to broaden the market for medication. In many instances, the evidence proffered to expand the definitions came from studies funded in whole or part by manufacturers. And as the criteria for the condition loosened, reports emerged about clinicians involved in diagnosing ADHD receving money from drug- makers.

Question. 21. In the final paragraph, the word 'Trademark refers to :

A. a physiological reaction

B. a substitute medication

C. a need for research

D. a common request

Question 22. In the final paragraph, what does the writer imply about addition to ADHD medication?

A. It is unlikely to turn into a problem on the scale of that caused by opioid abuse.

B. The effects are more marked in certain sectors of the population.

C. Insufficient attention seems to have been paid to it 

D. The reasons for it are not yet fully understood.

Final Paragraph: This brings us to the issue of the addictive nature of ADHD medication. As Dr Saul asserts, 'addiction to stimulant medication isn't rare; it's common. Just observe the many patients periodically seeking an increased dosage as their powers of concentration diminish. This is because the body stops producing the appropriate levels of neurotransmitters that ADHD drugs replace - a trademark of additive substance. Much has been written about the staggering increase in opioid overdoses and abuse of prescription painkillers in the USA, but the abuse of drugs used to treat ADHD is no less a threat. While opioids are more lethal than prescription stimulants, there are parallels between the opioid epidemic and the increase in problems tied to stimulants. In the former, users switch from prescription narcotics to heroin and illicit fentanyl. With ADHD drugs, patients are switching from legally prescribed stimulants to illicit ones such as methamphetamine and cocaine. The medication is particularly prone to abuse because people feel it improves their lives. These drugs are antidepressants, aid weight-loss and improve confidence, So, more work needs to be done before we can settle the question surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.