IELTS Reading - List of Heading

 IELTS Reading - List of Heading (LOH)

1. Read the Title and the Directions.

2. i) Check how many choices are in the box ii) how many paragraphs are there and iii) how many choices you need to leave.

3. Go to the Box and underline the keywords of each choice i to ix.

4. Read Paragraph A with the keyword in mind. (The answer will be in the synonym/paraphrase of the keywords. Mind you, usually the keywords are in the wrong answers.)

5. Re-check and eliminate the other choices. Once you got the right answer, enter it in your book and delete that choice. 

6. Read the remaining keywords and repeat the cycle. 

Exercise 1. 

C 11, Test 2, Passage 2 (Page 45 -47)

Questions 14 - 20

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the List of Headings below:

Write the correct number, i - ix, in boxes 14 - 20on your answer sheet

                     List of Headings

i. Evidence of innovative environment management practice

ii. An undisputed answer to a question

iii. The future of the moai statues

iv A theory which supports a local belief

v. The future of Easter island

vi. Two opposing views about the Rapanui people

vii. Destruction outside the  inhabitants' control

viii. How statues made a situation worse

ix. Diminishing food resources

14. Paragraph A

15. Paragraph B

16. Paragraph C

17. Paragraph D

18. Paragraph E

19. Paragraph F

20. Paragraph G

A. Easter Island, or Rapu Nui as it is known locally, is home to several hundred ancient human statues - the moai. After this remote Pacific island was settled by the Polynesians, it remained isolated for centuries.  All the energy and resources went into the moai - some of which were ten meters tall and weighed over 7,000 kilos  - came from the island itself. Yet when Dutch explorers landed in 1722, they met a Stone Age culture. The moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometers, without the use of animals or wheels, to massive stone platforms. The identity of the moai builders was in doubt until well into the twentieth century. Thor Heyerdahi, the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer, thought the statues had been created by pre-Inca peoples from Peru. Bestselling Swiss author Erich von Daniken believed they were built by stranded extraterrestrials. Modern science - linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence - has definitively  proved the moai builders were Polynesians, but not how they moved their creations. Local folklore maintains that they walked, while researchers have tended to assume the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.

Text: "definitively = "undisputed" (Keyword LOH)

          " proved = "answered" (LOH)

          " The identity of moai builders" = answer toa question                                                                             (LOH)

Therefore, 

14. Paragraph A  ii

B. When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees.  In 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments, which proved the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years. Only after Polynesians arrived, did those forests disappear. US scientist Jared Diamond believes that the Rapanui people - descendants of Polynesian settlers - wrecked their own environment.  They had unfortunately settled on an extremely fragile island  - dry, cool, and too remote to be properly fertilized by windblown volcanic ash. When the islanders cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the forest didn't grow back. As trees became scarce and they no longer construct construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds. Soil erosion decreased their crop yield. Before Europeans arrived, the Rapanui had descended into civil war and cannibalism. 

Text: "decreased"  = "diminished" (LOH)

         " crop yield" = food resource (LOH)

Therefore,  

15: Paragraph B 15: ix

C. The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets them as power displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways of asserting their dominance. They competed by building ever bigger figures. Diamond thinks they laid the moai on wooden sledges, hauled over log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people. To feed the people, even more land had to be cleared. When the wood was gone and civil war began, the islanders began toppling the moai. By the nineteenth century none were standing. 

Text:  The moai  =    Statues  (LOH)

         accelerated self-destruction = The situation worsened (LOH)

 

16: Paragraph  C : viii

D. Archeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lippo of California  State University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and it was an 'ecological catastrophe' - but they believe the islanders themselves weren't to blame. And the moral certainly weren't. Archeological excavations indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to protect the resources of their own wind-lashed, infertile fields. They built thousands of circular stone windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used broken volcanic rocks to keep the soil moist.  In short, Hunt and Lippo argue, the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming.

Text: ' circular stone windbreaks'

          ' broken volcanic rocks'      =  Evidence (LOH)

         'Gardened' , keep sol moist' = 'Environment management                                                                  practice' (LOH)

Text: "They built thousands of circular stone windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used broken volcanic rocks to keep the soil moist ' = Evidence of innovative environment  management practices (LOH)

17: Paragraph D: i

                                     

E. Hunt and Lipo contend that that moai-building was an activity that helped keep the peace between islanders. They also believe that moving the moai required few people and no wood, because they walked upright. On that issue, Hunt and Lipo say, archeological evidence backs up Rapanui folklore. Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18  people could, with three strong ropes and a bit od practice, easily manoeuver a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred meters. The figures' fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side.

Text: 'they walked upright' = local belief (LOH)

          'backs up' = supports (LOH)

Text: 'Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18  people could, with three strong ropes and a bit od practice, easily manoeuver a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred meters. = ' a theory which supports a local belief.

18: Paragraph E: iv

F. Moreover, Hunt and Lipo were convinced that the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island's trees. Archeological finds of nuts from the extinct Easter Island palm show tiny groves, made by the teeth of Polynesian rats. The rats arrived along with the settlers, and in just a few years , Hunt and Lippo calculate, they would have overrun the island. They would have prevented the re-seeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby doomed Rapanui's forests, even without the settlers' campaign of deforestation.

Text:  i) the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island's trees

           ii) The rats prevented the re-seeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby doomed Rapanui's forests  =

                  Destruction outside the inhabitants' control  - Paraphrase (LOH)

19. Paragraph  F - vii

 

G.  Hunt and Lipo's vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and society. Rather than a case of abject failure , Rapanui is an unlikely story of success' they claim. Whichever is the case, there are surely some valuable lessons which the world at large can learn from the story of Rapanui. 

Text:   i. an island populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land

           ii. reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and                 society.  =  Two opposing views about thr                                                            inhabitants(LOH)