Alzheimer's Disease - OET Reading Part C
OET Reading Part C
Alzheimer's Disease
7. According to Paragraph 1, which of the following statements matches the opinion of most doctors?
Method of Doing:
Step 1: Identify the keyword/s (kw) of the question. (There's no kw in this question.)
Step 2: Go to the topic sentence of the paragraph and understand it.
Method of Doing:
Step 1: Identify the keyword/s (kw) of the question. (There's no kw in this question.)
Step 2: Go to the topic sentence of the paragraph and understand it.
Method of Doing:
Step 1: Identify the keyword/s (kw) of the question. (There's no kw in this question.)
Step 2: Go to the topic sentence of the paragraph and understand it.
A. Mentally stimulating activities are of little use.
B. The risk of dementia can be reduced by doing by mentally stimulating activities.
C. The benefits of mentally stimulating activities are not yet proven.
D. Mentally stimulating activities do more harm than good.
Step 4. Check each ac with the text:
A. Mentally stimulating activities are of little use.
So, A is the wrong choice. X
B. The risk of dementia can be reduced by doing by mentally stimulating activities.
.Paragraph 1.
Physicians commonly advise older adults to engage in mentally stimulating activity as a way of reducing their risk of dementia. Indeed, the recommendation often followed by the acknowledgement that evidence of benefit is still lacking, but "it can't hurt". What possibly be the problem with older people adults spending their doing crossword puzzles and anagrams, completing puzzles, or testing their reaction time on a computer ? In certain respects, there is no problem. Patient will probably improve at the targeted skills, and may feel good - particularly, if the activity is both challenging and successfully completed.
Question: 15: In paragraph 2, the author expresses the view that.......
Method of Doing:
Step 1: Identify the keyword/s (kw) of the question. (There's no kw in this question.)
Step 2: Go to the topic sentence of the paragraph and understand it.
Step 3. Return to the Answer Choices (ac/s) and underline the ac/s in A,B,C,D.
A. Mentally stimulating activities may offer false hope.
B. Dementia suffers often blame themselves for their condition.
C. Alzheimer's disease may be caused by the lack of mental exercise.
D. Mentally stimulating activities do more harm than good.
A. Mentally stimulating activities may offer false hope.
Ac: "Mentally stimulating activities" .... Text "They"
Ac: "offer" .... Text: " raise"
Ac: "false hope" .....Text: "false expectations".
Therefore, Answer choice A is right
Paragraph 2.
But can it hurt? Possibly. There are two ways that encouraging mental activity programs might do harm than good. First, they can raise false expectations. Second, individuals who do develop dementia might be blamed for their condition. When heavy smokers get lung cancer, they are sometimes seen as having contributed to their own fates. People with Alzheimer disease might similarly be viewed as having brought it on themselves through failure to exercise their brains.
Question 17:
In paragraph 3, which of the following does not match the information on research into Alzheimer's disease?
Method of Doing:
Step 1: Identify the keyword/s (kw) of the question. (There's no kw in this question.)
Step 2: Go to the topic sentence of the paragraph and understand it.
Paragraph 3 There is some evidence to support the idea that mental exercise can improve one's chances of escaping Alzheimer's disease. Having more years of education has been shown to be related to a lower prevalence of Alzheimer's disease. Typically, the risk of Alzheimer's disease is two to four times higher in those who have fewer years of education, as compared to those who have more years of education. Other epidemiological studies, although with less consistency, have suggested that those who engage in more leisure activities have a lower prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, longitudinal studies have found that older adults without dementia who participate in more intellectually challenging activities show less decline over time on various tests of cognitive performance.
Step 3. Return to the Answer Choices (ac/s) and underline the ac/s in A,B,C,D.
A. People with less education have higher risk of Alzheimer's disease.
B. Cognitive performance can be enhanced by regularly doing activities which are mentally challenging
C. Having more education reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease
D. Regular involvement in leisure activities may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease
Step 4. Check each ac with the text:
A. People with less education have higher risk of Alzheimer's disease
Qtn. "...education and the risk... " no reference.
So read the remaining part of the text.
The second sentence of Text says:
more years of education has been shown to be related to a lower prevalence of Alzheimer's disease.
Compare it with ac C,
".... more education"
"reduces" (Qtn)= lower (T)
"the prevalence of " (T) = "risk of " (Ac)
Alzheimer's disease .
Therefore, C is true.
* Continue reading the remaining part of the text.
The third sentence says:
"Alzheimer's disease is two to four times higher in those who have fewer years of education"
Compare it with ac A,
A. People with less education have higher risk of Alzheimer's disease.
"People with ..." (ac) = " .....those who have ...." (T)
"less education" (ac) = "...fewer years of education" (T)
It says "... those who engage in more leisure activities have a lower prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease.
Compare it with ac D
D. Regular involvement in leisure activities may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
* "Regular involvement ....." (ac) = "...engage in more leisure activities....." (T)
*.... reduce... (ac) = ".... lower..." (T)
" ..... the risk of Alzheimer's..." (ac) = "...prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease (T)
Therefore, ac A is True.
B. Cognitive performance can be enhanced by regularly doing activities which are mentally challenging
Question 18.
Method of Doing:
Step 1: Identify the keyword/s (kw) of the question. (There's no kw in this question.)
Step 2: Go to the topic sentence of the paragraph and understand it.
Paragraph 4. However, both education and leisure activities are imperfect measures of mental exercise. For instance, leisure activities represent a combination of influences. Not only is there mental activation, but there may also be broader heath effects, including stress reduction and improved vascular health - both of which may contribute to reducing dementia risk. It could also be that a third factor, such as intelligence, leads to greater levels of education and more engagement in cognitively stimulating activities, and independently, to lower risk of dementia. Research in Scotland, for example, showed that IQ test scores at age 11 were predictive of future dementia risk.
Step 3. Return to the Answer Choices (ac/s) and underline the ac/s in A,B,C,D.
Paragraph 5. The concept of cognitive reserve is often used to explain why education and stimulation are beneficial. The term cognitive reserve is sometimes taken to refer directly to brain size or to the synaptic density in the cortex. At other times, cognitive reserve is defined as the ability to compensate for acquired brain pathology. Taken together, the evidence is very suggestive that having greater cognitive reserve is related to a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease. But the evidence that mental exercise can increase cognitive reserve and keep dementia at bay. In addition, people with greater cognitive reserve may choose mentally stimulating leisure activities and jobs, which makes it difficult to precisely determine whether mentally stimulating activities alone can reduce dementia risk.
Paragraph 6. Cognitive training has demonstrable effects on performance, on view of itself, and on brain function - but the ressults are very specific to the skills that are trained, and it is as yet entirely unknown whether there is any effect on when and whether an individual develops Alzheimer's disease. Further, the types of skills taught by practsing mental puzzles may be less helpful in everyday life than more straightforward techniques, such as, concentrating, or taking notes, or putting objects in the same place each time so that they won't be lost.
Paragraph 7. So far there is little evidence that mental practice will help prevent the development of dementia. There is better evidence that good brain health is determined by multiple factors, that brain development early in life matters, and that genetic influences are of great importance in accounting for individual differences in cognitive reserve and in explaining who develops Alzheimer's disease and who does not. At least half of the explanation for individual differences in susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease is genetic, although the genes involved have not yet been completely discovered. The balance of the explanation lies in the environmental influence and behavioral health practices, alone or in an interaction with genetic factors. However, at this stage, there is no convincing evidence that memory practice and other cognitively stimulating activities are sufficient to prevent Alzheimer's disease; it is not just a case of "use it or lose it"
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